Rectal Cancer
Rectal Cancer | Its Types, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Rectal cancer is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that affects many people around the world. This type of cancer is characterized by the growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the rectum, which is the last part of the large intestine. Whether you are personally affected by rectal cancer or simply interested in learning more about this disease, this article will provide you with valuable information and insights into the nature of rectal cancer and its impact on the body.
In this article, we will delve into the various types of rectal cancer, the causes and risk factors that contribute to its development, common symptoms to look out for, and the latest treatments available to manage this condition.
How many types of rectal cancer are there?
There are two main types of rectal cancer: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type, accounting for about 95% of all rectal cancer cases. Squamous cell carcinoma, on the other hand, is much rarer, accounting for only about 1-2% of all cases. The type of cancer a person has can affect the treatment options and overall prognosis, which is why it’s important for individuals diagnosed with rectal cancer to know which type they have.
What are the causes of rectal cancer?
The exact cause of rectal cancer is unknown, but there are several risk factors that have been identified as contributing to its development. One of the primary risk factors is age, as rectal cancer is more commonly diagnosed in individuals over the age of 50. Other risk factors include a family history of colon or rectal cancer, a personal history of polyps or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a diet high in red or processed meats, a sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and obesity.
In addition, there are certain genetic conditions that can increase the risk of developing rectal cancer, such as Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and MYH-associated polyposis (MAP).
It’s important to note that having one or more risk factors doesn’t necessarily mean that a person will develop rectal cancer, but it does increase the likelihood. Regular screenings and early detection are crucial for preventing or catching rectal cancer in its early stages when it is most treatable.
What are the symptoms of rectal cancer?
The symptoms of rectal cancer can vary depending on the location and stage of cancer. In some cases, early-stage rectal cancer may not cause any noticeable symptoms, which is why regular screenings are important for early detection.
Some of the most common symptoms of rectal cancer include:
- Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhoea, constipation, or narrow stools
- Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool
- Abdominal discomfort or cramping
- Weakness or fatigue
- Unintentional weight loss
- Anaemia
In more advanced stages of rectal cancer, additional symptoms may include:
- Obstruction of the rectum or colon
- Severe abdominal pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)
- Swelling in the legs
- Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
It’s important to note that these symptoms can be caused by a variety of conditions, and having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has rectal cancer. However, if these symptoms persist or worsen, it’s important to see a doctor for an evaluation. Regular screenings are also important for early detection and can help detect rectal cancer before symptoms develop.
What are the treatment options available for rectal cancer?
The treatment options for rectal cancer depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the individual’s overall health and preferences. Some of the most common treatment options for rectal cancer include:
Surgery: Surgery is often the primary treatment for rectal cancer and involves removing the cancerous tissue and surrounding lymph nodes. Depending on the location of cancer, surgery may involve a local excision or a more extensive resection of the rectum or colon.
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumours. It may be used before or after surgery, or in combination with chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells and may be used before or after surgery, or in combination with radiation therapy. Chemotherapy drugs can be used alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as surgery or radiation therapy. The specific chemotherapy drugs used, the dosages and the duration of treatment depend on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the individual’s overall health.
Targeted therapy: Targeted therapy uses drugs to target specific molecules involved in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Targeted therapy drugs are often used in combination with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or other cancer treatments. The specific drug used and the dosage depend on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the individual’s overall health.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy works by boosting the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against foreign invaders, such as viruses and bacteria. Cancer cells can sometimes evade the immune system by producing certain proteins that make them invisible to immune cells.
In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be used to achieve the best possible outcome. Treatment decisions should be made in consultation with a team of healthcare providers, including a medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, and surgeon. The goal of treatment is to cure cancer, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life.
Closing Statement
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